Bruce Eckel's Thinking in C++, 2nd Ed Contents | Prev | Next

Basic sequences:

vector, list & deque

If you take a step back from the STL containers you’ll see that there are really only two types of container: sequences (including vector, list, deque, stack, queue, and priority_queue) and associations (including set, multiset, map and multimap). The sequences keep the objects in whatever sequence that you establish (either by pushing the objects on the end or inserting them in the middle).

Since all the sequence containers have the same basic goal (to maintain your order) they seem relatively interchangeable. However, they differ in the efficiency of their operations, so if you are going to manipulate a sequence in a particular fashion you can choose the appropriate container for those types of manipulations. The “basic” sequence containers are vector, list and deque – these actually have fleshed-out implementations, while stack, queue and priority_queue are built on top of the basic sequences, and represent more specialized uses rather than differences in underlying structure ( stack, for example, can be implemented using a deque, vector or list).

So far in this book I have been using vector as a catch-all container. This was acceptable because I’ve only used the simplest and safest operations, primarily push_back( ) and operator[ ] . However, when you start making more sophisticated uses of containers it becomes important to know more about their underlying implementations and behavior, so you can make the right choices (and, as you’ll see, stay out of trouble).

Basic sequence operations

Using a template, the following example shows the operations that all the basic sequences ( vector, deque or list) support. As you shall learn in the sections on the specific sequence containers, not all of these operations make sense for each basic sequence, but they are supported. 

//: C20:BasicSequenceOperations.cpp
// The operations available for all the 
// basic sequence Containers.
#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <deque>
#include <list>
using namespace std;

template<typename Container>
void print(Container& c, char* s = "") {
  cout << s << ":" << endl;
  if(c.empty()) {
    cout << "(empty)" << endl;
    return;
  }
  typename Container::iterator it;
  for(it = c.begin(); it != c.end(); it++)
    cout << *it << " ";
  cout << endl;
  cout << "size() " << c.size() 
    << " max_size() "<< c.max_size() 
    << " front() " << c.front()
    << " back() " << c.back() << endl;
}
  
template<typename ContainerOfInt>
void basicOps(char* s) {
  cout << "------- " << s << " -------" << endl;
  typedef ContainerOfInt Ci;
  Ci c;
  print(c, "c after default constructor");
  Ci c2(10, 1); // 10 elements, values all 1
  print(c2, "c2 after constructor(10,1)");
  int ia[] = { 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 };
  const int iasz = sizeof(ia)/sizeof(*ia);
  // Initialize with begin & end iterators:
  Ci c3(ia, ia + iasz);
  print(c3, "c3 after constructor(iter,iter)");
  Ci c4(c2); // Copy-constructor
  print(c4, "c4 after copy-constructor(c2)");
  c = c2; // Assignment operator
  print(c, "c after operator=c2");
  c.assign(10, 2); // 10 elements, values all 2
  print(c, "c after assign(10, 2)");
  // Assign with begin & end iterators:
  c.assign(ia, ia + iasz);
  print(c, "c after assign(iter, iter)");
  cout << "c using reverse iterators:" << endl;
  typename Ci::reverse_iterator rit = c.rbegin();
  while(rit != c.rend())
    cout << *rit++ << " ";
  cout << endl;
  c.resize(4);
  print(c, "c after resize(4)");
  c.push_back(47);
  print(c, "c after push_back(47)");
  c.pop_back();
  print(c, "c after pop_back()");
  typename Ci::iterator it = c.begin();
  it++; it++;
  c.insert(it, 74);
  print(c, "c after insert(it, 74)");
  it = c.begin();
  it++;
  c.insert(it, 3, 96);
  print(c, "c after insert(it, 3, 96)");
  it = c.begin();
  it++;
  c.insert(it, c3.begin(), c3.end());
  print(c, "c after insert("
    "it, c3.begin(), c3.end())");
  it = c.begin();
  it++;
  c.erase(it);
  print(c, "c after erase(it)");
  typename Ci::iterator it2 = it = c.begin();
  it++;
  it2++; it2++; it2++; it2++; it2++;
  c.erase(it, it2);
  print(c, "c after erase(it, it2)");
  c.swap(c2);
  print(c, "c after swap(c2)");
  c.clear();
  print(c, "c after clear()");
}

int main() {
  basicOps<vector<int> >("vector");
  basicOps<deque<int> >("deque");
  basicOps<list<int> >("list");
} ///:~

The first function template, print( ), demonstrates the basic information you can get from any sequence container: whether it’s empty, its current size, the size of the largest possible container, the element at the beginning and the element at the end. You can also see that every container has begin( ) and end( ) methods that return iterators.

The basicOps( ) function tests everything else (and in turn calls print( )), including a variety of constructors: default, copy-constructor, quantity and initial value, and beginning and ending iterators. There’s an assignment operator= and two kinds of assign( ) member functions, one which takes a quantity and initial value and the other which take a beginning and ending iterator.

All the basic sequence containers are reversible containers, as shown by the use of the rbegin( ) and rend( ) member functions. A sequence container can be resized, and the entire contents of the container can be removed with clear( ).

Using an iterator to indicate where you want to start inserting into any sequence container, you can insert( ) a single element, a number of elements that all have the same value, and a group of elements from another container using the beginning and ending iterators of that group.

To erase( ) a single element from the middle, use an iterator; to erase( ) a range of elements, use a pair of iterators. Notice that since a list only supports bidirectional iterators, all the iterator motion must be performed with increments and decrements (if the containers were limited to vector and deque, which produce random-access iterators, then operator+ and operator- could have been used to move the iterators in big jumps).

Although both list and deque support push_front( ) and pop_front( ), vector does not, so the only member functions that work with all three are push_back( ) and pop_back( ).

The naming of the member function swap( ) is a little confusing, since there’s also a non-member swap( ) algorithm that switches two elements of a container. The member swap( ), however, swaps everything in one container for another (if the containers hold the same type), effectively swapping the containers themselves. There’s also a non-member version of this function.

The following sections on the sequence containers discuss the particulars of each type of container.

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