//: C24:Statcast.cpp
// Examples of static_cast

class Base { /* ... */ };
class Derived : public Base {
public:
  // ...
  // Automatic type conversion:
  operator int() { return 1; }
};

void func(int) {}

class Other {};

int main() {
  int i = 0x7fff; // Max pos value = 32767
  long l;
  float f;
  // (1) typical castless conversions:
  l = i;
  f = i;
  // Also works:
  l = static_cast<long>(i);
  f = static_cast<float>(i);

  // (2) narrowing conversions:
  i = l; // May lose digits
  i = f; // May lose info
  // Says "I know," eliminates warnings:
  i = static_cast<int>(l);
  i = static_cast<int>(f);
  char c = static_cast<char>(i);

  // (3) forcing a conversion from void* :
  void* vp = &i;
  // Old way produces a dangerous conversion:
  float* fp = (float*)vp;
  // The new way is equally dangerous:
  fp = static_cast<float*>(vp);

  // (4) implicit type conversions, normally
  // Performed by the compiler:
  Derived d;
  Base* bp = &d; // Upcast: normal and OK
  bp = static_cast<Base*>(&d); // More explicit
  int x = d; // Automatic type conversion
  x = static_cast<int>(d); // More explicit
  func(d); // Automatic type conversion
  func(static_cast<int>(d)); // More explicit

  // (5) Static Navigation of class hierarchies:
  Derived* dp = static_cast<Derived*>(bp);
  // ONLY an efficiency hack. dynamic_cast is
  // Always safer. However:
  // Other* op = static_cast<Other*>(bp);
  // Conveniently gives an error message, while
  Other* op2 = (Other*)bp;
  // Does not.

//: C24:Constcst.cpp
// Const casts

int main() {
  const int i = 0;
  int* j = (int*)&i; // Deprecated form
  j  = const_cast<int*>(&i); // Preferred
  // Can't do simultaneous additional casting:
//! long* l = const_cast<long*>(&i); // Error
  volatile int k = 0;
  int* u = const_cast<int*>(&k);
}

class X {
  int i;
// mutable int i; // A better approach
public:
  void f() const {
    // Casting away const-ness:
    (const_cast<X*>(this))->i = 1;
  }

//: C24:Reinterp.cpp
// Reinterpret_cast
// Example depends on VPTR location,
// Which may differ between compilers.
#include <cstring>
#include <fstream>
using namespace std;
ofstream out("reinterp.out");

class X {
  static const int sz = 5 ;
  int a[sz];
public:
  X() { memset(a, 0, sz * sizeof(int)); }
  virtual void f() {}
  // Size of all the data members:
  int membsize() { return sizeof(a); }
  friend ostream&
    operator<<(ostream& os, const X& x) {
      for(int i = 0; i < sz; i++)
        os << x.a[i] << ' ';
      return os;
  }
  virtual ~X() {}
};

int main() {
  X x;
  out << x << endl; // Initialized to zeroes
  int* xp = reinterpret_cast<int*>(&x);
  xp[1] = 47;
  out << x << endl; // Oops!

  X x2;
  const int vptr_size= sizeof(X) - x2.membsize();
  long l = reinterpret_cast<long>(&x2);
  // *IF* the VPTR is first in the object:
  l += vptr_size; // Move past VPTR
  xp = reinterpret_cast<int*>(l);
  xp[1] = 47;
  out << x2 << endl;

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